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Sudan (officially the Republic of the Sudan) (Arabic: السودان‎As Sūdān)[3]is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africaand in the Arab World,[4]and tenth largest in the worldby area. It is bordered by Egyptto the north, the Red Seato the northeast, Eritreaand Ethiopiato the east, Kenyaand Ugandato the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congoand the Central African Republicto the southwest, Chadto the west and Libyato the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.[5]

Sudan is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 3000 BC.[6][7][8]The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity, which is intertwined with the history of Egypt, with which it was united politically over several periods. After gaining independence from the United Kingdomin 1956, Sudan suffered a civil war, lasting 17 years, subsequently followed by ethnic, religious, and economicconflict between the Northern Sudanese (with Arab and Nubian roots), and the Christianand animistNilotesof Southern Sudan.[9][10]Thus this led to a second civil warin 1983, and due to continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'étatby colonel Omar al-Bashirin 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan, achieved great economic growthby implementing macroeconomicreforms and finally ended the civil war in 2005 by adopting a new constitutionwith rebel groups in the south. Rich of natural resources such as petroleumand crude oil, Sudan's economy is amongst the fastest growing in the world.[11]

However, after introducing an Islamic legal codeon the national level, establishing the ruling National Congress Party(NCP) as the only political party and supporting the usage of recruited Arab militias in guerrilla warfare, such as in the ongoing Darfur conflict, al-Bashir's presidency has been marked by thousands of people being displaced and killed, in what has been described as a genocide.[12]Though officially a presidentialrepresentative democraticrepublic, Sudan is widely considered to be controlled by an authoritarian regime, which has led to armed conflict with Chad, obstructed humanitarian assistance to the civilian population and has even led to war crimescharges being issued against members of the government.[13]This has been followed by severe economic sanctions being put on the country, especially by the United States.[14]

A member of the United Nations, Sudan also maintains membership with the AU, LAS, OICand NAM, as well as serving as an observer in WTO.[13]Its capital is Khartoum, which serves as the political, cultural and commercial center of the nation, while Omdurmanremains the largest city. Among Sudan's population of 42 million people, Sunni islamis the official and largest religion, while Arabic and Englishare the official languages.[15][16]